New CED – Sleep and Drugs Practice Test

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• Which term describes a drug that depresses neural activity and reduces pain and anxiety?
• For what situations are trazodone or mirtazapine commonly used in insomnia, and what are potential risks?
• Which statement is NOT a described feature of REM sleep?
• Which sleep disorder is strongly associated with obesity and nocturnal hypoxemia?
• What does actigraphy measure?
• Which statement about REM sleep behavior disorder is true?
• What is the key diagnostic metric for obstructive sleep apnea?
• Which testing modality is used in-lab to diagnose sleep apnea?
• Which stage 2 feature appears as brief bursts of rapid electrical activity?
• Circadian misalignment is defined as a mismatch between what?
• In managing suspected sleep-disordered breathing, which therapy improves daytime sleepiness and reduces cardiovascular risk?
• Which pattern of high amplitude brain activity is associated with stage 2 sleep?
• Explain tailored therapy in sleep medicine.
• When insomnia occurs with suspected comorbidity such as depression, what is a prudent management approach?
• Which agents are commonly used to treat restless legs syndrome (RLS)?
• What is the recommended approach to titration and tapering of hypnotics after an initial response?
• Ramelteon primarily targets which receptors?
• REM sleep accounts for approximately what percentage of a typical adult sleep?
• Which statement best describes the off-label use of trazodone or mirtazapine for insomnia?
• What is the term for the tendency of REM sleep to increase after REM sleep deprivation?
• Which chronotype stays up later and finds it harder to wake up early?
• Which brain waves are typically observed as you fall into sleep from wakefulness?
• Which term describes a dependence driven by emotional cravings and mental urges?
• Which sleep stage is most associated with sleepwalking?
• How is sleep efficiency calculated?
• Which symptom is NOT typically associated with withdrawal from hypnotics?
• Which of the following is a feature of stage 2 sleep?
• A depressant drug class including morphine, codeine, heroin, oxycontin, and vicodin.
• Which stage of NREM sleep is defined by regular bursts of waves that progressively increase and then decrease in amplitude?
• When tapering hypnotics, what should be monitored?
• What is REM sleep without atonia (RSWA) and in which conditions is it seen?
• Which brain wave pattern is associated with a relaxed, awake state?
• Which term describes a substance with significant effects on thinking, perception, and emotion, including recreational use and therapeutic agents?
• The largest, slowest waves seen on EEG are characteristic of which sleep depth?
• Ramelteon and melatonin tend to have what level of effect on REM and slow-wave sleep?
• What is the first-line nonpharmacologic therapy for chronic insomnia?
• Which theory posits that sleep's primary function is to restore energy and repair tissue?
• What is the recommended initial nighttime zolpidem IR dose for women?
• During this slow wave sleep, the brain emits slow delta waves and somnambulism is most likely to occur:
• Which term describes REM sleep, during which the brain is highly active while the body is largely immobile?
• Which two classes of medications are commonly used to treat restless legs syndrome (RLS)?
• A sleep disorder with complex motor activity during slow-wave sleep, including getting out of bed and possibly walking.
• Which phenomenon is described as sudden, brief muscle contractions that can wake a person from light NREM sleep?
• Name pharmacologic tolerance and physical dependence in the context of sleep medications.
• What is the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea?
• Non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except REM sleep is called:
• Which features define narcolepsy type 1?
• Which pattern is a high-amplitude brain wave associated with non-REM sleep, particularly stage 2?
• Sleep was naturally selected because it created a period in which the body could rest and repair itself, increasing survival chances. Which theory describes this idea?
• Which data are typically kept in a sleep diary?
• What is the gold standard diagnostic test for obstructive sleep apnea?
• What is circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder and name two common subtypes?
• Orexin receptor antagonists should be avoided in which condition?
• A person who goes to bed early and wakes up early is known as which chronotype?
• Which drug class is commonly prescribed for short-term insomnia but carries risks of dependence and rebound insomnia?
• REM sleep behavior disorder is most commonly associated with which category of neurodegenerative diseases?
• Which hormone is directed by the brain's sleep-wake center to promote sleep onset?
• Alongside pharmacologic management, which approach is recommended for improving sleep in patients with insomnia?
• Hypersomnolence refers to excessive daytime sleepiness; narcolepsy is a classic example.
• Phase-advanced circadian rhythm is characterized by earlier sleep-wake times; which intervention helps shift earlier?
• What clinical tool records EEG, EOG, and EMG during sleep?
• A potential adverse effect of mirtazapine when used for insomnia?
• Which term refers to recurring difficulties with sleep initiation or maintenance?
• Which statement describes a phenomenon that leads to intermittent hypoxia in OSA?
• Which factor is included in tailoring therapy for sleep disorders?
• What is the role of wake-promotion agents like modafinil in sleep disorders?
• In adults with REM sleep behavior disorder, what is a recommended next step?
• Which of the following is a non-pharmacologic strategy for circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder?
• Which statement describes the initial night stage with low-amplitude brain waves and reduced muscle tension?
• What is rebound insomnia?
• A condition where a person feels they must continue using a drug to satisfy a strong mental craving.
• What term describes the state in which a person's mental and physical abilities are impaired by a substance?
• Which dietary guideline supports sleep hygiene?
• Which term is used to describe REM sleep, emphasizing the paradox of brain activity with muscle atonia?
• The theory that sleep aids memory consolidation and helps restore and rebuild the experiences and memories of the day is known as what?
• Which symptom is commonly associated with obstructive sleep apnea?
• Which substance is commonly used to mitigate jet lag and shift work as part of circadian rhythm management?
• Which statement best describes insomnia disorder criteria?
• What is the purpose of polysomnography's respiratory channels in diagnosing sleep apnea?
• How should sleep hygiene be integrated with pharmacologic therapy?
• What term describes the bizarre experiences such as jerking or a feeling of falling during sleep onset?
• Phase-delayed circadian rhythm can be helped by which therapy?
• Which sleep stage is characterized by rapid eye movements and vivid dreams?
• Which statement is true about circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders?
• What are the non-benzodiazepine Z-drugs and how do they differ from benzodiazepines?
• Which sleep medication class typically reduces both REM sleep and slow-wave sleep?
• What is a practical approach to distinguishing primary insomnia from insomnia with comorbid sleep apnea?
• Which of the following is an example of a hallucinogen?
• Define narcolepsy and name a classic associated symptom.
• Idiopathic hypersomnia differs from narcolepsy in that it lacks which features?
• What term describes work scheduled during swing or night shifts?
• How can depression and anxiety influence sleep disorders?
• Which Z-drug has the shortest half-life and is commonly used for sleep onset insomnia?
• Which drug is a powerful stimulant that can produce temporary increased alertness and euphoria by blocking dopamine reuptake?
• What safety considerations should be included in a plan when starting hypnotic therapy?
• REM rebound is most commonly associated with withdrawal from which type of agents?
• What term describes a very short period of involuntary sleep that occurs while a person appears to be awake?
• As a nervous system depressant, this opioid can produce a rush of euphoria, confidence, and energy, as well as cardiovascular stress, suspiciousness, and a depressive crash.
• Name two nonbenzodiazepine sleep aids and a key safety concern.
• What are the core symptoms of restless legs syndrome?
• How should sleep for pregnant patients be managed?
• The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle is called?
• Which theory posits that sleep solidifies memories and supports learning?
• Which term describes a drug that increases the effects of a neurotransmitter by mimicking the neurotransmitter or promoting its release?
• Sleep debt and daytime performance nuance?
• Cataplexy is best described as what?
• What is the primary purpose of in-lab overnight polysomnography?
• Which substance is a depressant that disrupts memory formation during REM sleep and lowers inhibition?
• Which statement correctly distinguishes parasomnias from primary sleep disorders?
• What is a common risk associated with long-term benzodiazepine use for sleep?
• How should daytime napping be managed for individuals with insomnia?
• Which nonpharmacologic therapy is commonly recommended for obstructive sleep apnea when CPAP cannot be tolerated?
• How can central sleep apnea be distinguished from obstructive sleep apnea, and what common condition is it associated with?
• Which sleep-disordered breathing condition is more common in children and often linked to adenotonsillar hypertrophy?
• Which statement reflects the DSM-5 criteria for chronic insomnia disorder?
• REM rebound is described as which phenomenon?
• The initial stage of NREM sleep is known as which stage?
• What clinical signs are characteristic of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?
• Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions are called?
• Which statement about zolpidem dosing by sex is true?
• A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep.
• How is shift-work sleep disorder managed with light exposure?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between iron supplementation and restless legs syndrome?
• Which sleep disorder is characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks and lapses into REM sleep?
• What diagnostic test is used to confirm narcolepsy with rapid onset of REM?
• Which term best fits the description of a class of drugs that includes marijuana as a mild hallucinogen?
• What class of drugs enhances GABA-A receptor activity to promote sleep and what are common examples?
• Which term describes the process of removing toxic substances medically to help a person stop using drugs?
• Which substances commonly worsen obstructive sleep apnea?
• A state of psychological or physical dependence on the use of alcohol or other drugs is called what?
• Which hormone produced mainly by the pineal gland is implicated in the initiation of sleep and the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle?
• In sleep apnea assessment, detecting oxygen desaturation helps to:
• Which substance can cause a depressive crash after an initial rush and is an opioid?
• Psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input, are called what?
• Which of the following is a depressant that slows neural activity and body functions?
• Why is sodium oxybate (GHB) tightly regulated in narcolepsy treatment?
• Medical removal of toxic substances to help reduce withdrawal symptoms and facilitate living without drugs.
• What is the role of melatonin in circadian rhythm disorders?
• Which statement best defines hypersomnolence disorders?
• Which term best describes a drug that reduces the effect of a neurotransmitter by occupying its receptor without activating it?
• What safety and clinical considerations should be addressed when initiating sleep medications in older adults?
• Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions are known as what?
• What is REM sleep behavior disorder and what condition is it often associated with?
• What is the first-line nonpharmacologic treatment for adult obstructive sleep apnea?
• In obstructive sleep apnea, what event describes a period with no airflow despite ongoing respiratory effort?
• Which term refers to a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing and repeated awakenings?
• Which statement best describes sleep onset latency and its pharmacologic modulation by benzodiazepines?
• What is ramelteon and what sleep issue is it primarily used for?
• REM sleep behavior disorder is best described as
• Which brain wave is predominant during deep sleep?
• Which strategy is preferred for older adults with insomnia?
• Delta waves are associated with which sleep stage?
• What term describes a sudden, brief muscular contraction that may wake someone from stage 1 NREM sleep?
• Which additional health risk is associated with untreated obstructive sleep apnea beyond hypertension and stroke?
• What is sleep restriction therapy and when is it used?
• What is melatonin and in what situations is it commonly used?
• Which stage 2 sleep feature is a large, slow wave event?
• Which sleep stage is characterized by deep sleep and delta waves?
• Which term describes REM sleep, highlighting the paradox of an active brain with a paralyzed body?
• Which drug classes are associated with higher risk of rebound insomnia and withdrawal when discontinued?
• How does caffeine affect sleep latency and total sleep time?
• What are typical age-related changes in sleep, especially in the elderly?
• Ramelteon is best described as which class of drug?
• Which theory emphasizes that sleep helps organize and consolidate memories for learning?
• What is sodium oxybate (GHB) used for in narcolepsy and what are safety concerns?
• Which theory explains dreams as reflections of brain activation originating in the pons, woven into a story by the forebrain?
• What characterizes REM sleep behavior disorder?
• Which brain wave type signals the transition from wakefulness to sleep, typically appearing first as you begin to fall asleep?
• Which powerful and addictive stimulant produces temporarily increased alertness and euphoria and blocks dopamine reuptake?
• Our awareness of ourselves and our environment is called?
• Describe alcohol's effect on sleep architecture.
• A physiological need for a drug with withdrawal symptoms when discontinued.
• Which symptom is commonly associated with narcolepsy?
• In pregnancy, is melatonin routinely recommended for sleep?
• Idiopathic hypersomnia is distinguished from narcolepsy by the absence of cataplexy and what other feature?
• Which disorder features dream enactment behaviors during sleep due to loss of normal muscle atonia?
• Which theory explains the idea that sleep consolidates memories and reorganizes daytime experiences?
• Which term describes drugs that depress neural activity and relieve pain, such as morphine and heroin?
• Which brain waves indicate the early stage of sleep, stage 1?
• In sleep regulation, which brain region coordinates responses to light-dark cues and communicates with the pineal gland?
• What is suvorexant and its mechanism?
• Which term refers to cognitive activities that require virtually no effort or attention?
• Which narcolepsy treatment has an additional sedative effect and can reduce cataplexy?
• What are important alcohol-sleep interactions clinicians should discuss?
• Which feature is most characteristic of REM sleep?
• Which stimulant can increase alertness and wakefulness but also cause anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia in high doses?
• Which safety concerns are increased in elderly patients taking benzodiazepines or Z-drugs?
• Which term is used for the class of drugs that includes marijuana and is known for altering perception and mood?
• Which term describes cognitive tasks that require focused attention and high levels of awareness?
• RSWA on polysomnography is most strongly associated with which condition?
• What considerations are important for prescribing sleep medications during pregnancy?
• Disorders, such as intoxication, that can be induced by using psychoactive substances.
• What are common adverse effects of melatonin receptor agonists like ramelteon?
• Which set correctly lists the four sleep stages including REM?
• What defines circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder, and what is a general treatment approach?
• In a standard sleep study, Sleep Onset Latency measures what?
• Which components are typically recorded in polysomnography?
• The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug is called?
• Which brain structure houses the master circadian clock?
• How long is hypnotic use generally recommended, and what is the guideline?
• What safety concerns arise when combining sleep medications with opioids?
• What is the effect of benzodiazepines on sleep architecture?
• Which sleep stage accounts for about 20-25% of sleep in a typical adult night?
• How do caffeine and other stimulants influence sleep?
• Name two diagnostic tools used to confirm obstructive sleep apnea.
• Which EEG pattern defines slow-wave sleep (N3)?
• Name three major consequences of untreated obstructive sleep apnea on health.
• Which term refers to a mild hallucinogen that produces euphoria and mood swings?
• Which of the following is an example of a parasomnia?
• What is restless legs syndrome and its hallmark symptoms?
• What is ramelteon and what is its clinical use?
• What is the brain region commonly abbreviated as SCN that coordinates the sleep-wake cycle?
• Which type of brain waves are smaller and faster than alpha waves and indicate mental activity when awake and alert?
• What sleep disturbances are common during pregnancy?
• What are the risks of using sedating antihistamines for sleep, especially in older adults?
• Which drug class is known to suppress REM sleep?
• How is REM sleep behavior disorder linked to neurodegenerative disease?
• Which statement best distinguishes primary insomnia from hypersomnolence disorders?
• Which condition is a contraindication to orexin receptor antagonists?
• Which populations require caution with zolpidem due to next-day impairment and driving risk?
• Why is sleep debt relevant in evaluating daytime performance?
• Which symptom is commonly used as a screening sign for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea?
• Which non-pharmacologic strategy is commonly used to address circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder?
• Which sleep stage is the lightest stage of non-REM sleep?
• How does nicotine influence sleep?
• Central sleep apnea features: absence of respiratory effort during apnea episodes.
• What signs of benzodiazepine withdrawal require medical attention?
• What AHI value defines severe obstructive sleep apnea?
• In stage 2 sleep, which phenomenon consists of short, rapid bursts of high-frequency activity?
• Vivid dreams most often occur during which sleep stage?
• Disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones is known as which condition?
• Which sleep disorder is most consistently treated with CPAP as a cornerstone therapy?
• Which disorder involves acting out dreams due to loss of normal muscle atonia during sleep?
• Which brain-wave pattern is typically present when awake and alert, with smaller and faster waves than alpha waves?
• What is the recommended approach to using sleep medications in patients with chronic pain?
• Name two common sleep hygiene recommendations.
• What term describes a drug that inhibits or blocks a neurotransmitter's action?